Austronesia

Hello, guys!, ... Today, we are going to talk about Austronesia including Austronesian peoples and languages.

Picture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesia

I also often ask what is Austronesia and which countries are included to Austronesia. Well, through that thought i want to write about it and the source from web.

Definition;

Austronesia, in historical terms, refers to the homeland of the people who speak Austronesian languages, including Malay (Malaysian - Indonesian), Filipino, the Visayan Languages, Ilocano, Javanese, Malagasy, the Polynesian Languages, Fijian, Taiwan's Formosan Languages, Tetum and around ten-thousand other languages. 

Austronesia, dalam istilah historis, mengacu pada tanah air masyarakat yang berbahasa Austronesia, termasuk Melayu (Malaysia - Indonesia), Filipina, Bahasa Visayan, Ilocano, Jawa, Malagasi, Bahasa Polinesia, Fiji, bahasa formosa Taiwan, Tetum dan sekitar sepuluh ribu bahasa lainnya. 

*Vocabulary - kosakata, Historical - historis, Refers to - mengacu pada, Homeland - tanah air, Language - bahasa. 

Well, Austronesia is a family of languages which is spoken by people who lives in; Taiwan island, Indonesian archipelago, Filipino, Malagasy, Polynesian, and Madagascar.

Nah, Austronesia adalah rumpun bahasa yang dituturkan oleh penduduk yang tinggal di: Pulau Taiwan, Kepulauan Indonesia, Filipina, Malagasi, Polinesia, dan Madagaskar. 

(source; Eko Sujatmiko, kamus IPS, Surakarta: Aksara Sinergi Media Cetakan I, 2014 hal. 23).

Austronesian Peoples;

Amis people in Taiwan
Picture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesia

The Austronesian peoples are various groups in Southeast Asia, Oceania and East Africa that speak languages that are under Austronesian Language super-family. They include Taiwanese aborigines, the majority of ethnic groups in the Philippines, East Timor, Indonesian, Malaysia, Brunei, Cocos (keeling) islands, Polynesia, Mikronesia, and Madagascar, as well as the Malay of Singapore, the Polynesian of New Zealand and Hawaii and the non-Papuan peoples of Melanesia. All of these peoples can be connected to through the Austronesian Language super - family. They are also found in the regions of Southern Thailand, The Cham areas in Vietnam and Cambodia, in the Hainan island province of China, parts of Sri Lanka, Southern Nyamar, the southern tip of South Africa, Suriname and some of the Andaman islands. On top of that, Austronesian diaspora also can be found in the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal, Hongkong, Macau, Mauritius, as well as the West Asian countries. The people of the Maldives also possess traces of Austronesian genes via gene flow from the Malay Archipelago. The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian - speaking peoples are known collectively as Austronesia. 

*Vocab., Various - berbagai, Group - kelompok, Southeast Asia - Asian Tenggara, Speak - berbicara (kk), under - di bawah, Super family - keluarga besar (istilah term), Include - termasuk (kk), Majority - mayoritas, As well as - maupun, All of these people - semua orang - orang  ini, can be connected - bisa terhubung (kp), Found - menemukan, Possess traces - memiliki jejak, Archipelago - kepulauan, Nations and territories - negara dan wilayah, Predominantly - terutama, are known - dikenal (kp), Collectively - secara kolektif.

*Notes. kk (kata kerja) /verb, as well as (maupun, sama seperti, baiknya), kp (kalimat pasif /pasif sentence, Nations - negara /bangsa. 

Austronesian Languages;

The Austronesian Languages are a language family that is widely dispersed Maritime Southeast Asia, Madagascar and the islands of Pacific Ocean, with a few of continental of Asia. Austronesian Languages are spoken by 386 million people (4.9%), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers, behind the Indo - European languages (46.3%),  The Sino-Tibetan languages (20,4%), The Niger - Congo languages (6.9%), and the Afro - Asiatic languages. Major Austronesian languages with highest number of speakers are Malay (Indonesian and Malaysian), Javanese and Filipino (tagalong). The family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family. 

Similarities between the language spoken in the Malay Archipelago and the Pacific Ocean were first observed in 1706 by the dutch Scholar Adriaan Reland. In the 19th century, researchers (e.g. Wilhelm Von Humboldt, Herman van der Tuuk) started to apply the comparative method to the Austronesian languages, but the first comprehensive and extensive study on phonological history of Austronesian language family including a reconstruction of Proto - Austronesian lexicon made by Wilhelm Schmidt. The family is aptly named, as the vast majority of Austronesian languages are spoken on islands; only a few languages, such as Malay and the Chamic languages, are indigenous to mainland Asia. Many Austronesian languages have very few speakers , but the major Austronesian languages are spoken by ten millions of people and one Austronesian language, malay (including both Indonesian and Malaysian variants), is spoken by 250 million people, making it the 8th most spoken language in the world. Approximately twenty Austronesian languages are official in their respective countries (see the list of major Austronesian languages).

*Vocabulary - kosakata

Widely - dengan luas, Dispersed - tersebar, Widely dispersed - tersebar luas

Fifth-largest -  terbesar kelima

Major - utama

Most of - terbanyak

Similarities - persamaan kesamaan 

Were observed - diamati (kalimat pasif masa lampau /past pasif)

Century - abad

Started - mulai 

to apply - menerapkan untuk mendaftar mengajukan

started to apply - mulai menerapkan

Comparative - komparatif 

Method - metode

The comparative method - metode komparatif 

Phonology - fonologis 

Comprehensive - komprehensif

Extensive - ekstensif 

History - sejarah

Historical - historis 

Aptly - tepat

is aptly named - diberi nama yang tepat

Vast majority - sebagian besar

Indigenous - asli

Indigenous people - penduduk asli

Approximately - sekitar kira-kira 

Need  more, OK!, ...

Village - Desa, Country people - penduduk desa, 

Town - kota kecil , Town hall - balai kota, Capital city - Ibu kota, 

City - kota besar, countryside - pelosok pinggir kota

Country - Negara, State - Negara Negara bagian 

Province - propinsi

Ancient - kuno kolot

Old fashioned - Kuno

I love the old fashioned things - saya menyukai hal - hal kuno

to be continued - bersambung

Finished - selesai,.........................

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